Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing Fishing is the activity of catching fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping that has been used throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; there is no and streams A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. Depending on its locale or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to as a branch, brook, beck, burn, creek, kill, lick, rill, river syke, bayou, rivulet, streamage, wash, or run. In some countries or communities a stream may be defined by its size. In using sharpened sticks.

Today, modern spearfishing makes use of elastic powered spearguns Here the spear gun is connected to a buoy via a float rope. After spearing a fish, the spearfisher detaches the float rope and uses a speed stick attached to the float rope to thread the fish onto the float rope through its gills. The fish will then gradually slide up the float rope as the diver swims until it rests underneath the buoy. When and slings, or compressed gas pneumatic powered spearguns, to strike the hunted fish. Specialized techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish.

Spearfishing may be done using free-diving Freediving is any of various aquatic activities that share the practice of breath-hold underwater diving. Examples include breathhold spear fishing, freedive photography, apnea competitions and, to a degree, snorkeling. The activity that garners the most public attention is competitive apnea, an extreme sport, in which competitors attempt to, snorkeling Snorkeling is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask, a shaped tube called a snorkel, and usually swimfins. In cooler waters, a wetsuit may also be worn. Use of this equipment allows the snorkeler to observe underwater attractions for extended periods of time with relatively little effort, or scuba diving Scuba diving is a form of underwater diving in which a diver uses a scuba set to breathe underwater for recreation, commercial or industrial reasons techniques. Because of a view that there is a lack of sportsmanship in some modern spearfishing techniques, the use of mechanically powered spearguns is outlawed in some jurisdictions.

Spearfishing is highly selective, with a low amount of by-catch The term bycatch is usually used for fish caught unintentionally in a fishery while intending to catch other fish. It may however also indicate untargeted catch in other forms of animal harvesting or collecting. Bycatch are either of a different species or juveniles of the target species. With education and proper regulations, spearfishing can be an ecologically sustainable Sustainability in fisheries combines theoretical disciplines, such as the population dynamics of fisheries, with practical strategies, such as avoiding overfishing through techniques such as individual fishing quotas, curtailing destructive and illegal fishing practices by lobbying for appropriate law and policy, setting up protected areas, form of fishing.

The best free-diving spear fishers can hold their breath for 2 to 4 minutes, and dive to depths of 40 or even 60 meters (130 to 200 feet). However, dives of about one minute and 15 or 20 meters (50 to 70 feet) are more typical for the average spear fisher.

Contents

History

Fisherman with a spear in a wall painting from the tomb of Usheret in Thebes, 18 Dynasty, around 1430 BC

Spearfishing with barbed poles (harpoons A harpoon is a long spear-like instrument used in fishing to catch fish or large marine mammals such as whales. It accomplishes this task by impaling the target animal, allowing the fishermen to use a rope or chain attached to the butt of the projectile to catch the animal. A harpoon can also be used as a weapon) was widespread in palaeolithic times.[1] Cosquer cave The Cosquer cave is located in the Calanque de Morgiou near Marseille, France, not very far from Cap Morgiou. This cave, the entrance of which is located undersea nowadays, was discovered by Henri Cosquer in 1985 and declared to the authorities in 1991 in Southern France contains cave art over 16,000 years old, including drawings of seals which appear to have been harpooned.

There are references to fishing with spears in ancient literature; though, in most cases, the descriptions do not go into detail. An early example from the Bible The Bible refers to collections of sacred scripture of Judaism and Christianity. There is no single version: both the individual books and their order vary. The Hebrew Bible contains 39 books, while Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. The oldest surviving Christian Bibles is in Job The Book of Job is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. It relates the story of Job, his trials at the hands of Satan, his theological discussions with friends on the origins and nature of his suffering, his challenge to God, and finally a response from God. The Book itself comprises a didactic poem set in a prose framing device and has been 41:7: Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears?.

The Greek historian Polybius Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC. He is also renowned for his ideas of political balance in government, which were later used in Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and in the drafting of the United States Constitution (ca 203 BC–120 BC), in his Histories Polybius’ The Histories were originally written in 40 volumes, only the first five of which are extant in their entirety. The bulk of the work, except for the 40th volume, which was the index volume, is passed down to us through collections of excerpts kept in libraries in Byzantium, for the most part, describes hunting for swordfish by using a harpoon A harpoon is a long spear-like instrument used in fishing to catch fish or large marine mammals such as whales. It accomplishes this task by impaling the target animal, allowing the fishermen to use a rope or chain attached to the butt of the projectile to catch the animal. A harpoon can also be used as a weapon with a barbed and detachable head.[2]

Greek author Oppian of Corycus Oppian or Oppianus was the name of the authors of two (or three) didactic poems in Greek hexameters, formerly identified, but now generally regarded[citation needed] as two different persons wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the Halieulica or Halieutika, composed between 177 and 180. This is the earliest such work to have survived intact. Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of spears and tridents.

In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator A gladiator was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their legal and social standing and their lives by appearing in the arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled called retiarius A retiarius was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman: a weighted net (rete, hence the name), a three-pointed trident (fuscina or tridens), and a dagger (pugio). The retiarius was lightly armoured, wearing an arm guard (manica) and a shoulder guard (galerus). Typically, his clothing consisted only of a loincloth carried a trident A trident , also called a leister or gig, is a three-pronged spear. It is used for spear fishing and was also a military weapon. Tridents are featured widely in mythical, historical and modern culture. The sea god Poseidon or Neptune is classically depicted bearing a trident and a casting-net A cast net, also called a throw net, is a net used for fishing. It is a circular net with small weights distributed around its edge. He fought the murmillo The murmillo was a type of gladiator during the Roman Imperial age. The myrmillio-class gladiator was adopted in the early Imperial period to replace the earlier Gallus, named after the warriors of Gaul. As the Gauls inhabiting Italy had become well-integrated with the Romans by the time of the reign of Augustus, it became politically incorrect to, who carried a short sword and a helmet A helmet is a form of protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries, a variation of the hat. Ceremonial or symbolic helmets without protective function are sometimes used. The oldest known use of helmets was by Assyrian soldiers in 900BC, who wore thick leather or bronze helmets to protect the head from blunt object and sword blows with the image of a fish on the front.

Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable, and a freshly exposed surface has a pinkish or peachy color. It is used as a thermal conductor, an electrical conductor, a building material, and a harpoons were known to the seafaring Harappans Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 20 km (12 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River, some 5 km (3 mi) southeast of the site[3] well into antiquity.[4] Early hunters in India include the Mincopie people, aboriginal inhabitants of India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the's Andaman and Nicobar The Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( pronunciation ); (Bengali: আন্দামান ও নিকোবর দ্বীপপুঞ্জ; Tamil: அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள், Hindi: अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीपसमूह,Telugu:అండమాన్ నిక islands, who have used harpoons with long cords for fishing since early times.[5]

Poseidon/Neptune sculpture in Copenhagen Port

Mosaic, 4th century BC, showing a retiarius A retiarius was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman: a weighted net (rete, hence the name), a three-pointed trident (fuscina or tridens), and a dagger (pugio). The retiarius was lightly armoured, wearing an arm guard (manica) and a shoulder guard (galerus). Typically, his clothing consisted only of a loincloth or "net fighter", with a trident and cast net, fighting a secutor Thought to have originated around 50 AD, the Secutor was armed similarly to the Murmillo gladiator, usually with a short sword, a gladius, or a dagger. The Secutor was specially trained to fight a Retiarius, a type of gladiator that had a trident and a net.

Dutch fishermen using tridents in the 17th century

Traditional spear fishing

Head of an arrow used for fishing, from Guyana Guyana (pronounced /ɡaɪˈænə/ gye-AN-ə), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of.

Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with an ordinary spear A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a sharpened head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with bamboo spears, or it may be of another material fastened to the shaft, such as obsidian, iron, or bronze. The most common design is of a metal spearhead, shaped like a triangle or or a specialized variant such as an eel spear[6][7] or the trident A trident , also called a leister or gig, is a three-pronged spear. It is used for spear fishing and was also a military weapon. Tridents are featured widely in mythical, historical and modern culture. The sea god Poseidon or Neptune is classically depicted bearing a trident. A small trident type spear with a long handle is used in the American South and Midwest for gigging Gigging, not to be confused with jigging, is an American South and Midwest practice of hunting suckers, flounder or frogs with a gig, or similar multi-pronged spear. A gig can refer to any long pole which has been tipped with a multi-pronged spear. The gig pole ranges in length from 8 to 14 feet for fish gigs and 5 to 8 feet for frog gigs. A gig bullfrogs The American Bullfrog , often simply known as the Bullfrog in the United States, is an aquatic frog, a member of the family Ranidae, or “true frogs”, native to much of North America. This is a frog of larger, permanent water bodies, swamps, ponds, lakes, where it is usually found along the water's edge. On rainy nights, bullfrogs along with with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp Carp is a common name for various species of an oily freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. The cypriniformes is traditionally grouped with the Characiformes, Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes to create the superorder Ostariophysi, since these groups have certain common features such as being and other fish in the shallows.

Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun Here the spear gun is connected to a buoy via a float rope. After spearing a fish, the spearfisher detaches the float rope and uses a speed stick attached to the float rope to thread the fish onto the float rope through its gills. The fish will then gradually slide up the float rope as the diver swims until it rests underneath the buoy. When allows fishing in deeper waters. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes and sometimes longer; of course, a diver with underwater breathing equipment A scuba set is an independent breathing set that provides a scuba diver with the breathing gas necessary to breathe underwater during scuba diving. It is much used for sport diving and some sorts of work diving can dive for much longer periods.

Modern spear fishing

In the 1920s, sport spearfishing using only watertight swimming goggles became popular on the Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is technically a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a completely coast of France France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, and Italy Italy (pronounced /ˈɪtəli/ ; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a country located partly on the European Continent and partly on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine. This led to development of the modern diving mask A diving mask is an item of diving equipment that allows scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly underwater. When the human eye is in direct contact with water as opposed to air, its normal environment, light entering the eye is refracted by a different angle and the eye is unable to focus the light. By providing an air space in, swimfin Swimfins, swim fins, fins or flippers are worn on the foot or leg and made from finlike rubber or plastic, to aid movement through the water in water sports activities such as swimming, bodyboarding, bodysurfing, kneeboarding, riverboarding, and various types of underwater diving and snorkel Snorkeling is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask, a shaped tube called a snorkel, and usually swimfins. In cooler waters, a wetsuit may also be worn. Using this equipment allows the snorkeler to observe underwater attractions for extended periods of time with relatively little effort. Modern scuba diving Scuba diving is a form of underwater diving in which a diver uses a scuba set to breathe underwater for recreation, commercial or industrial reasons had its genesis in the systematic use of rebreathers A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycled exhaled gas. This recycling reduces the volume of breathing gas used, making a rebreather lighter and more compact than an open-circuit breathing set for the same duration in environments where humans cannot safely breathe from the atmosphere. In by Italian Italy (pronounced /ˈɪtəli/ ; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a country located partly on the European Continent and partly on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine sport spearfishers during the 1930s. This practice came to the attention of the Italian Navy The Italian Navy is the navy of the Italian Republic. It is one of the four branches of military forces of Italy; formed in 1946, from what remained of the Regia Marina (Royal Navy). The Italian Navy has 35,200 active troops (2008) with 85 commissioned ships and 123 aircraft of all types in service, which developed its frogman unit The Decima Flottiglia MAS (Italian for "10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla") was an Italian commando frogman unit of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) created during the Fascist regime, which affected World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland ·.[8]

During the 1960s, attempts to have spearfishing recognized as an Olympic sport were unsuccessful. Instead, two organisations, the International Underwater Spearfishing Association (IUSA) and the International Bluewater Spearfishing Records Committee (IBSRC), list world record catches by species according to rules to ensure fair competition. Spearfishing is illegal in many bodies of water, and some locations only allow spearfishing during certain seasons.

In 2007, the Australian Bluewater Freediving Classic became the first spearfishing tournament to be accredited and was awarded 4 out of 5 stars based on environmental, social, safety and economic indicators.[9]

Purposes of spearfishing

People spearfish for sport, for commerce or simply to eat. In tropical seas, some natives spearfish for a living, often using home-made kit.

Spearfishing and conservation

Spearfishing has been implicated in local extinction of many species, including the Goliath grouper The Atlantic goliath grouper or itajara is a large saltwater fish of the grouper family. It was formerly known as the jewfish; however, in 2001 the Committee on Names of Fishes, a seven-member joint committee of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists and the American Fisheries Society made the decision to change the name to & on the Caribbean island of Bonaire, the Nassau grouper in the barrier reef off the coast of Belize, the giant black sea bass in California, and others.[10]

Types of spearfishing

Spearfisherman hunting dog-tooth tuna in the Ryu-Kyu Islands

The methods and locations freedive spearfishers use vary greatly around the world. This variation extends to the species of fish sought and the gear used.

Shore diving

Shore diving is perhaps the most common form of spearfishing and simply involves entering and exiting the sea from beaches or headlands and hunting around ocean structures, usually reef, but also rocks, kelp or sand. Usually shore divers hunt at depths of 5–25 metres (16–82 ft), depending on location. In some locations in the South Pacific, divers can experience drop-offs from 5 to 40 metres (16 to 130 ft) close to the shore line. Sharks and reef fish can be abundant in these locations. In subtropical areas, sharks may be less common, but other challenges face the shore diver, such as managing entry and exit in the presence of big waves. Headlands are favored for entry because of their proximity to deeper water, but timing is important so the diver does not get pushed onto rocks by waves. Beach entry can be safer, but more difficult due the need to consistently dive through the waves until the surf line is crossed.

Spear fisherman in Hawaii

Shore dives produce mainly reef fish, but ocean going pelagic fish fish are caught from shore dives too, and can be specifically targeted.

Shore diving can be done with trigger-less spears such as pole spears or Hawaiian slings, but more commonly triggered devices such as spearguns. Speargun setups to catch and store fish include speed rigs and fish stringers.

Catch bags worn close to the body can dangerously inhibit movement, especially during descent or ascent on deeper freedives and in shark-inhabited waters. The better option is to tow a float, with a attached float line onto which catch can be threaded. Tying the float line to the speargun can help in the event of a large catch, or to recover a dropped speargun.

Boat diving

Boats, ships or even kayaks can be used to access offshore reefs or ocean structures such as pinnacles. Man-made structures such as oil rigs and Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) are also fished. Sometimes a boat is necessary to access a location that is close to shore, but inaccessible by land.

Methods and gear used for boat diving are similar to shore diving or blue water hunting, depending on the target prey. Care must be taken with spearguns in the cramped confines of a small boat, including leaving them unloaded until entering the water.

Boat diving is practiced worldwide. Hot spots include the northern islands of New Zealand (yellow tail kingfish), Gulf of Florida oil rigs (cobia, grouper) and the Great Barrier Reef (wahoo, dog-tooth tuna). FADS are targeted worldwide, often specifically for mahi-mahi (dolphin fish). The deepwater fishing grounds off Cape Point, (Cape Town, South Africa) have become popular with trophy hunting, freediving spearfishers in search of Yellowfin Tuna.

Blue water hunting

Blue water hunting is the area of most interest to elite spearfishers, but has increased in popularity generally in recent years. It involves accessing usually very deep and clear water and trolling, chumming for large pelagic fish species such as marlin, tuna, or giant trevally. Blue water hunting is often conducted in drifts; the boat driver drops divers and allow them to drift in the current for up to several kilometers before collecting them. Blue water hunters can go for hours without seeing any fish, and without any ocean structure or a visible bottom the divers can experience sensory deprivation and have difficulty determining the size of a solitary fish. One technique to overcome this is to note the size of the fish's eye in relation to its body—large specimens have a proportionally smaller eye.

Notably, blue water hunters make use of breakaway rigs and large multi-band wooden guns to catch and subdue their prey. If the prey is large and still has fight left after being subdued, a second gun can provide a kill shot at a safe distance. This is acceptable to IBSRC and IUSA regulations as long as the spearfisher loads it himself in the water.

Blue water hunting is conducted worldwide, but notable hot spots include South Africa (yellowfin tuna) and the South Pacific (dogtooth tuna). Jack Prodanavich and Hal Lewis of San Diego were among the first to target large fast–moving fish like Tuna.[citation needed]

Without diving

Menominees spearfishing salmon at night by torchlight and canoe on Fox River A Hupa man with his spear Inuit hunter with harpoon in kayak, Hudson Bay, circa 1908-1914

Spearfishing with a hand held spear from land, shallow water or boat has been practised for thousands of years. The fisher must account for optical refraction at the water's surface, which makes fish appear further away than they are. By experience, the fisher learns to aim lower. Calm and shallow waters are favored for spearing fish from above the surface, as water clarity is of utmost importance.[11]

Spearfishing in this manner has some similarities to bowfishing. Also, see gigging.

Equipment

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be and removed. (January 2010)

This is a list of equipment commonly used in spearfishing. Not all of it is necessary and spearfishing is often practised with minimal gear.

Speargun
see speargun.
Polespear
Pole spears, or hand spears, consist of a long shaft with point at one end and an elastic loop at the other for propulsion. They also come in a wide variety, from aluminum or titanium metal, to fiberglass or carbon fiber. Often they are screwed together from smaller pieces or able to be folded down for ease of transport.
Hawaiian slings
Hawaiian slings consist of an elastic band attached to a tube, through which a spear is launched.
Wet Suit
Wetsuits designed specifically for spearfishing are often two-piece (jacket and high waisted pants, or 'long-john' style pants with shoulder straps) and have camouflage patterns, blue for open ocean, green or brown for reef hunting. Commonly they have a pad on the chest to aid in loading spearguns.
Weight belt or weight vest
These are used to compensate for wetsuit buoyancy and help the diver descend to depth.
Fins
Fins for freedive spearfishing are much longer than those used in SCUBA to aid in fast ascent.
Knife
A knife should always be carried as a safety precaution in case of the diver becoming tangled in his spear or float line. It can also be used as an iki jime or kill spike.
Iki jime or kill spike
In lieu of a knife, a sharpened metal spike can be used to kill the fish quickly and humanely upon capture. This action reduces interest from sharks by stopping the fish from thrashing. Iki jime is a Japanese term and is a method traditionally used by Japanese fishermen. Killing the fish quickly is believed to improve the flavor of the flesh by limiting the build up of adrenaline in the fish's muscles.
Snorkel and diving mask
Spearfishing snorkels and diving masks are similar to those used for scuba diving. Spearfishing masks sometimes have mirrored lenses that prevent fish from seeing the spearfisher's eyes tracking them. Mirrored lenses appear to fish as one big eyeball, so head movements can still spook the fish.
Buoy or float
A buoy is usually tethered to the spearfisher's speargun or directly to the spear. A buoy helps to subdue large fish. It can also assist in storing fish, but is more importantly used as a safety device to warn boat drivers there is diver in the area.
Floatline
A floatline connects the buoy to the speargun. Often made from woven plastic, they are also frequently made from mono-filament encased in an airtight plastic tube, or made from stretchable bungee cord.
Gloves
Gloves are valuable to spearfishermen who desire to maintain a sense of safety or access more dangerous areas, such as those between coral, that could otherwise not be reached without use of the hands. They also aid in loading the bands on rubber powered speargun and protect the spearfishers hands from the teeth and spines of struggling fish.

Management of Spearfishing

Spearfishing is intensively managed throughout the world.

Australia allows only recreational spearfishing and generally only breath-hold free diving. The Government imposes numerous restrictions, demarcating Marine Protected Areas, Closed Areas, Protected Species, size/bag limits and equipment.

Australia's peak recreational body is the Australian Underwater Federation. The vision of this group is "Safe, Sustainable, Selective, Spearfishing" and the AUF provides membership, advocacy and organises competitions.[12]

Norway has a relatively large ratio of coastline to population, and has one of the most liberal spearfishing rules in the northern hemisphere. Spearfishing with scuba gear is widespread among recreational divers. Restrictions in Norway are limited to anadrome species, like atlantic salmon, sea trout, and lobster.[13]

In Mexico a regular fishing permit allows spearfishing, but not electro-mechanical spearguns.[14]

Spearfishing in Florida, United States, is restricted to several hundred yards offshore in many areas and the usage of a powerhead is prohibited within state waters. Many types of fish are currently under heavy bag restrictions.

Notes

  1. ^ Guthrie, Dale Guthrie (2005) The Nature of Paleolithic Art. Page 298. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226311260
  2. ^ Polybius, "Fishing for Swordfish", Histories Book 34.3 (Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, translator). London, New York: Macmillan, 1889. Reprint Bloomington, 1962.
  3. ^ Ray 2003, page 93
  4. ^ Allchin 1975, page 106
  5. ^ Edgerton 2003, page 74
  6. ^ Image of an eel spear.
  7. ^ Spear fishing for eels.
  8. ^ Quick, D. (1970). "A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  9. ^ Recfish Australia
  10. ^ Roberts, Callum. The Unnatural History of the Sea, Island Press, 2007, p. 238
  11. ^ Otto Gabriel; Andres von Brandt (2005). Fish Catching Methods of the World. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0852382804.
  12. ^ Australian Underwater Federation
  13. ^ Spearfishing in Norway
  14. ^ CONAPESCA SAN DIEGO - Sportfishing regulations, Conapesca Mexico San Diego Office

References

Fishing tackle
Fish hook Circle hook · Hookset · Fishing gaff
Fishing line Monofilament · Multifilament · Braided · Power pro · Swivel · Fishing knots
Fishing sinker Sandsinker · Downrigger · Bombarda · Arlesey Bomb
Fishing rod Fishing reel · Bamboo fly rod · Fly rod building · Fishing rod tapers
Fishing bait Bait fish · Groundbait · Chum · Worm compost · Worm charming · Boilies
Plastic bait Soft plastic lure · Plastic worm · Deadsticking · Texas rig · Carolina rig
Fishing lures Artificial fly · Fishing plug · Swimbait · Hair rig · Little Cleo · Mormyshka · Original floater · Spinnerbait · Spin fishing · Sabiki · Jig fishing · Spoon lure · Spoonplug · Surface lure · Topwater lure · Heddon · Zara spook
Bite indicators Fishing float · Shortfloating · Pellet waggler · Quiver tip
Apparel etc Hip boot · Waders · Diving mask · Snorkel · Creel · Personal flotation device · Wetsuit
Fishing techniques
Gathering Gathering seafood by hand · Clam digging · Pearl diving · Ama divers · Abalone · Scallops · Noodling · Trout tickling · Trout binning · Flounder tramping
Spears Spearfishing · Speargun · Polespear · Bowfishing · Harpoon · Gigging · Trident · Hawaiian sling
Lines Hand-line fishing · Longline fishing · Trolling · Dropline · Trotline · Jigging · Jiggerpole · Category:Fishing knots
Nets Fishing net · Hand net · Cast net · Lave net · Gill net · Drift net · Surrounding net · Seine net · Trawl net · Chinese fishing net · Lampuki net · Glass floats · Ghost nets · Turtle excluder device
Traps Fishing traps · Fish wheel · Fishing weir · Fishing basket · Eel buck · Putcher fishing · Corf · Trabucco · Lobster trap · Almadraba · Double-Heart of Stacked Stones
Other Fishfinder · Fishing light attractor · Fish aggregating device · Payaos · Basnig · Flossing · Ice fishing · Cormorant fishing · Electrofishing · Shrimp baiting · Dredging · Muroami · Explosives · Cyanide fishing · Fish toxins
Fisheries and fishing topic areas
Fisheries Fisheries science · Wild fisheries · Oceanic habitats · Fish farming · Aquaculture · Fish diversity · Fish diseases · Fisheries management · Fishing quota · Sustainability
Fishing Fisherman · Artisan fishing · Fishing villages · Fishing vessels · Fishing history
Industry Commercial fishing · Processing · Products · Seafood · Marketing · Markets
Recreational Angling · Game fishing · Fly fishing · Catch and release
Techniques Gathering · Spearfishing · Line fishing · Netting · Trawling · Trapping · Other
Tackle Hook · Line · Sinker · Rod · Bait · Lures · Artificial flies · Bite alarms
Locations Fishing by country · Fishing villages · Fishing banks · Fish ponds
Index of fishing articles · List of fishing topics by subject · Fisheries glossary

Categories: Underwater diving | Fishing techniques and methods

 

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Visitors at sixes and sevens but rely on another get out of jail card - Sydney Morning Herald
Fri, 02 Jul 2010 18:41:21 GMT+00:00
Sydney Morning Herald He rates spear fishing only just behind rugby league as his favourite sport and has hardly been sighted since transferring from Cronulla. ...
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Thu Jul 22 00:51:37 2010
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'Spearfishing' Blogs
Spear Fishing !
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Spear Fishing !

samson steer-khan

ue, 04 May 2010 04:43:00 GM

We got to Bobby's and then he said, Right so tomorrow were going to go . spear fishing. , did you need to do anything in town before that. hmm . spear fishing. you say, well now that was an unexpected turn of events, what better way to round ...

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